Yeshua Prophecy: United Kingdom

Halloween or "Hell o ween"?

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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: clear:right;"><img alt="Jack-o-lantern" border="0" class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" height="313" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg/350px-Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg" style="border: none; font-size: 0.8em;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption zemanta-img-attribution" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;">Jack-o-lantern (Photo credit: <a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</td></tr>
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From earliest recorded history in Ireland, Halloween or Oíche Shamhna was considered a turning point in the calendar. <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (November 1st), meant the start of winter, when cattle were brought down from summer pastures, tributes and rents paid, and other business contracted. Samhain, marks the close of the season of light and the beginning of the dark half of the year, and was therefore perceived as a liminal moment in time when movement between the otherworld and this world was possible.<br />
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The Britons celebrated in honor of their sun-god with bonfires, a tribute to the light that brought them abundant harvest. The Druids originated the holiday, which was a celebration of Saman Lord of the Dead who was the God of Evil Spirits,". He was thought to gather together at last the souls of the year's dead which had been consigned to the bodies of animals in punishment for their sins. The custom of Halloween ‘guising’remains strong, and in recent times has been boosted by the popularity of the horror movie genre in the USA. Irish children now go out to ‘trick or treat’, where previously the refrain ‘help the Hallowe’en party’ was most usual. In 1846 America was welcoming a new group of immigrants, the millions of Irish fleeing Ireland's potato famine. This new cultural influence brought with it a melding of Irish and English traditions, and a new Americans culture was born. People began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that eventually became today's "trick-or-treat" tradition.<br />
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<h3>
All Hallows Eve</h3>
The name Hallowe’en is a shortening of All Hallows’ Even, or All Hallows’ Evening. All Hallows is an old term for All Saints’ Day (Hallow, from the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Old English">Old English</a> “halig”, or holy, compared with Saint, from the Latin “sanctus”, also meaning holy, or consecrated - it took a decree at the insistence of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Pope Gregory IV">Pope Gregory IV</a> to all the bishops, that the celebration be confirmed on November 1st. These early similar celebrations come together around 835AD. The Roman pagan festival is over taken by the early Church, the Irish Church conforms it's celebrations with Rome, and everyone seems to move their day of the dead to coincide with early Irish pagans and their celebration of Samhain on November 1st. So, by Popes Gregory III and Gregory IV attempt to end the pagan Samhain festivals, they achieved quite the opposite.<br />
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It is said that the souls in Purgatory are released to visit their still mortal friends. Long ago the country folk before they retired to bed on this night always prepared a blazing fire and a well swept hearth to welcome their unearthly visitors. The first was to honor the dead who were allowed to rise from the Otherworld. The Celts believed that souls were set free from the land of the dead during the eve of Samhain. Young women believed that, on Halloween, they could divine the name or appearance of their future husband by doing tricks with yarn, apple parings, or mirrors. Psychic readings would be conducted with a variety of divination tools. Such as throwing bones, or casting the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Ogham">Celtic Ogham</a>. There is some historical evidence that additional tools of divination were also used. Most of this comes from writings recorded by Roman invaders, but there are stories of reading tea leaves, rocks and twigs, and even simple spiritual communications that today we'd call Channeling. They get three saucers and they put a ring in one saucer, clay in the other and water in the third. Then they put a cloth on some person’s eyes. If he puts his hand into the saucer with the ring in it he will be the first to be married. If he puts his hand into the saucer with the clay in it he will die soon. If he puts his hands into the saucer with the water in it he will cross the water to a foreign land.<br />
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A favorite form of activity for young people at this critical moment in time was to attempt to predict future events in a variety of different ways: would they become rich (or destitute), would they marry soon, and so on. They get three saucers and they put a ring in one saucer, clay in the other and water in the third. Then they put a cloth on some person’s eyes. If he puts his hand into the saucer with the ring in it he will be the first to be married. If he puts his hand into the saucer with the clay in it he will die soon. If he puts his hands into the saucer with the water in it he will cross the water to a foreign land<br />
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In his book Irish Folk Lore (1870), the writer ‘Lageniensis’ noted: ‘It is considered that, on All Hallows’ Eve, hobgoblins, evil spirits, and fairies, hold high revel, and that they are travelling abroad in great numbers.<br />
The dark and sullen Phooka [Púca] is then particularly mischievousness and many mortals are abducted to fairy land. Those persons taken away to the raths are often seen at this time by their living friends, and usually accompanying a fairy cavalcade.’ The fairies be out that night and they would take you away with them if you were out at that evil time. It is also said that the devil shakes his budges [fur] on the haws and turns them black and according to the old people if you eat a haw after <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Halloween">Hallow Eve</a> night you will have no luck.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samhain_NovComFire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: clear:right;"><img alt="November-Coming-Fire" border="0" class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" height="400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/Samhain_NovComFire.jpg" style="border: none; font-size: 0.8em;" width="398" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption zemanta-img-attribution" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;">November-Coming-Fire (Photo credit: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samhain_NovComFire.jpg" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</td></tr>
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<b>Dressing in grotesque costumes</b> </h3>
The custom of dressing up in costumes and making house visits to request small presents – fruit, sweets, and money – is traditionally dominant in the eastern half of Ireland. Begging at the door grew from an ancient English custom of knocking at doors to beg for a "soul cake" in return for which the beggars promised to pray for the dead of the household. On Hallowe’en night the boys dress up like old men. Some of them dress up like old hags. They put on long trousers, women’s hats and soot on their faces and more of them have false faces. They go around from house to house and they are invited in and given something and the ringleader sings songs and plays tunes on the mouth organ and melodion. Then they get apples and nuts and sometimes money.<br />
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Those that had been trapped in the bodies of animals were released by the Lord of the Dead and sent to their new incarnations. The wearing of these costumes signified the release of these souls into the physical world. Tales and legends of the returning dead, and the intrusion of supernatural beings into this world, were once plentiful.<br />
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‘Snap apple’, one of many Hallowe’en amusements.<br />
In popular tradition Hallowe’en is<br />
a time for feasting and merrymaking. For rural communities especially, the tasks of housing the livestock, harvesting and storing produce, picking and preserving fruits etc. should be completed by this time. Feasting on fruits and rich foods represented an appropriate climax to the season. Festive foods included colcannon, also known as stampy or pandy, sweet cake, fruits and nuts. A variety of games were played, such as ‘dipping’ in a tub of water for coins, ‘snapping’ for apples and other amusements. We get a big basin of water and start to duck for apples. We get nuts and roast them in the fire. Then a knock comes to the door and the púca boys come in. They dance around<br />
the floor and sing songs - Clongorey, Kildare<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheel_of_the_year.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: clear:right;"><img alt="English: Wheel of the Year with Fire Festivals..." border="0" class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" height="298" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Wheel_of_the_year.png/350px-Wheel_of_the_year.png" style="border: none; font-size: 0.8em;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption zemanta-img-attribution" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;">English: Wheel of the Year with Fire Festivals and Quarter Festivals, Neopagan holidays: Yule, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Lughnasadh, Mabon, Samhain (Photo credit: <a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheel_of_the_year.png" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</td></tr>
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To pagans the world over, November 1st, still marks the beginning of the New Year. The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huron_Feast_of_the_Dead" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="The Huron Feast of the Dead">Feast of the Dead</a> forms a major part of most Pagan celebrations on this eve, and at Samhain voluntary communications are expected and hoped for. The departed are not harassed, and their presence is never commanded. The spirits of the dead are, however, ritually invited to attend the Sabbat and to be present within the Circle. To Witches and Pagans, Samhain is the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a>, and for many, it is the most important Sabbat (Holiday) of the year. The colors of this Sabbat are black and orange. Black to represent the time of darkness after the death of the god (who is represented by fire and the sun) during an earlier Sabbat known as Lughnasadh, and the waning of light during the day. Orange represents the awaiting of the dawn during Yule (Dec. 21st to Jan. 1st) when the god is reborn.<br />
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Jack-o-lantern (Photo credit: Wikipedia ) From earliest recorded history in Ireland, Halloween or Oíche Shamhna was considered a tur...

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7 Final Plagues of Britain:

11 September Sheeple 0

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<a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: clear:right;"><img alt="Lizzie van Zyl, South African concentration camp victim of Colonialism visited by Emily Hobhouse in t..." border="0" class="zemanta-img-inserted zemanta-img-configured" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LizzieVanZyl.jpg/350px-LizzieVanZyl.jpg" style="border: none; font-size: 0.8em;" title="" width="350" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption zemanta-img-attribution" style="text-align: center; width: 350px;">Lizzie van Zyl, visited by Emily Hobhouse in the Bloemfontein concentration camp (Photo credit: <a href="http://commons.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>)</td></tr>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The First Plague</b><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">In time to come matters will go badly, said Van Rensburg. I see seven black clouds in the sky and raindrops begin to fall. A man in a grey suit (somebody divine) appeared and asked me whether I had seen the clouds, and I replied yes, I saw two clouds in the east, west and south, but only one in the north. Then the man said to me: <i>‘Those are seven disasters <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="God">God</a> is going to send over <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="England">England</a> which will destroy it…”</i> Then Van Rensburg remembered the vision of the woman covered in ribbons.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Second Plague</b><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">He tells that when he was imprisoned in the Fort in 1914, one night he saw how a Rebellion officer stood in a well with him (great trouble). However, there was a ladder in the well and he (the Seer) stood with one foot on the first rung. Simultaneously he saw the grass in England catch alight (civil war) and the flames are high, then disappear, and the country looks like a harrowed field after ploughing. Then a multicoloured pig stood in a well (England in dire straits) and it was licking the sides of the well. It seemed unable to get out. Some aloe stumps lay across the well (The <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/" rel="homepage" target="_blank" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> was attempting to hide its problems from the rest of the world). The pig is very hungry, an indication of a great and terrible famine in England in the future.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">When he saw this, he knew immediately that their group in the Fort would be rescued from the troubles of the Rebellion and its consequences-being the thousands of pounds demanded from the rebels by the Government. But there was no rescue or salvation (ladder) for the multi-coloured pig, indicating England’s downfall, also economically: </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">“I saw pigs running across a dam wall. The dam becomes empty and a large bird sits on the paving stones beneath. A small bird comes flying along but is immediately swallowed up by the large bird.”</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">He interpreted this as follows: “The dam is <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="United States">America</a> who intends lending money to England, consequently England will be financially ruined.”</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Third Plague</b><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Famine and hunger will come over England and during that time great herds of black cattle (people from Africa and India) will enter the country from the east. One beast will stop and look back, indicating from which quarter the danger will come; all the coloured races from England’s colonies will go there, resulting in racial conflict - for Africa and the Orient will be suffering and desperate hordes of sick and hungry Indians and blacks will seek refuge in England and other parts of Europe.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Fourth Plague</b><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">He sees this as a pot with fire underneath. Normal pots stand in England and France, indicating civil wars, but a huge cauldron, with a glowing fire, stands in Russia, indicating a large-scale civil war. Then Germany and America attack Russia as allies.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Fifth Plague</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Seer relates how, during WWI, he saw how the British fleet attacked Germany at Jutland. He saw Kitchener dying there and the British fleet looked like scale-dishes on the water. “This means they clashed, but were found to be too light…” But he saw the future British fleet as empty boxes, floating without direction. They are useless and without direction, for: “What nation can fight if it is experiencing civil war and famine?”</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Sixth Plague</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">“I see a man on a black horse riding into the water. I see him as clearly as I’m seeing you and the water is splashing over him. Horse and rider disappear under the water. “England’s military force will meet the same end as did Pharaoh’s horsemen who pursued the Israelites in the Red Sea.</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The Seventh Plague</b><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">He told Boy Mussmann: “I see a multicoloured pig. Taking the pig by its legs, I overturned it. And that is our (the Boer nation’s) contribution to England’s downfall…”</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">(During the first decade of this century it was general knowledge in a certain part of the Transvaal that a church minister pronounced a curse over England just after the end of the War of Freedom (1899-1902). Allegedly his words were: “<a href="http://v1.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/special-chrono/governance/mainframe-womencamp.htm" target="_blank">What you did to our women and children</a>, the same will be done to yours.”).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The last plague to hit England will be as a result of strong action by the Boer nation.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">The answer to the question: what is this ‘action?’ can be deduced from other visions and their interpretations. On 29th September 1919, Van Rensburg saw thousands of blacks and English fleeing South Africa to England to seek refuge after the struggle in which the Afrikaner regains his freedom.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">But once the black hordes arrive in England, its economy will collapse and the country will finally be ruined.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Mr. Johannes Gagiano also pointed out to me the interesting fact that the Seer spoke about the ‘seven plagues’ which would mean England’s ruin; plagues which - according to Die Burgher of 13th July 1940 - “spells punishment for the enemy. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Van Rensburg saw that plagues would infest England and it seems as if they would all occur on the same day.” Revelation 15 also mentions the ‘Seven last plagues’ which would mean the end of modern Babylon and usher in this dispensation:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Compare this with :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Revelation 18:8: Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, and mourning, and famine; and she shall be utterly burned with fire; for strong is the Lord God who judgeth her…</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Then he saw three women dressed in black (mourning). They were an English woman, a German and an Afrikaner. Then the Afrikaans woman said to the English woman: “I wept, now you are weeping.”</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">(‘According to his friend and disciple, Mr. Boy Mussmann, “Oom’ Nikolaas van Rensburg’s prophecies for his people and country end here…”)</span><br />
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">British caused death of 4 177 women, 22 074 children under sixteen by conducting a “scorched earth” policy</span></h2>
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<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer" rel="wikipedia" style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em;" target="_blank" title="Boer">Boer</a><span style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em;"> women, children and men unfit for service were herded together in concentration camps by the British forces during </span><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" rel="wikipedia" style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em;" target="_blank" title="Second Boer War">Anglo-Boer War</a><span style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em;"> 2 (!899-1902). The first two of these camps (refugee camps) were established to house the families of burghers who had surrendered voluntarily, but very soon, with families of combatant burgers driven forcibly into camps established all over the country, the camps ceased to be refugee camps and became concentration camps. The abhorrent conditions in these camps caused the death of 4 177 women, 22 074 children under sixteen and 1 676 men, mainly those too old to be on commando, notwithstanding the efforts of an English lady, </span><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Hobhouse" rel="wikipedia" style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em;" target="_blank" title="Emily Hobhouse">Emily Hobhouse</a><span style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em;">, who tried her best to make the British authorities aware of the plight of especially the women and children in the camps.</span></div>
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<dt id="1900" style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0108px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1900</dt>
<dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">September, Major-Gen J.G. Maxwell announces that “… camps for burghers who voluntarily surrender are being formed at Pretoria and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-29.1,26.2166666667&spn=0.1,0.1&q=-29.1,26.2166666667%20(Bloemfontein)&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>.” This signals the start of what was to evolve into the notorious Concentration Camp Policy.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">22 September, As result of a military notice on this date, the first two ‘refugee' camps are established at Pretoria and Bloemfontein. Initially the aim was to protect the families of burghers who had surrendered voluntarily and their families by the institution of these camps. As the families of combatant burghers were also driven into these and other camps, they ceased to be ‘refugee' camps and became ‘concentration' camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">20 December, A proclamation issued by Lord Kitchener states that all burghers surrendering voluntarily, will be allowed to live with their families in Government Laagers until the end of the war and their stock and property will be respected and paid for.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">21 December, Contrary to the announced intention, Lord Kitchener states in a memorandum to general officers the advantages of interning all women, children and men unfit for military services, also Blacks living on Boer farms, as this will be “the most effective method of limiting the endurance of the guerrillas… “The women and children brought in should be divided in two categories, viz.: 1st. Refugees, and the families of Neutrals, non-combatants, and surrendered Burghers. 2nd. Those whose husbands, fathers and sons are on Commando. The preference in accommodation, etc. should of course be given to the first class. With regard to Natives, it is not intended to clear … locations, but only such and their stock as are on Boer farms.”</dd>
<dt id="1901" style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0108px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1901</dt>
<dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">21 January, Emily Hobhouse, an English philanthropist and social worker who tried to improve the plight of women and children in the camps, obtains permission to visit concentration camps. Lord Kitchener, however, disallows visits north of Bloemfontein.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">24 January, Emily Hobhouse visits Bloemfontein concentration camps and is appalled by the conditions. Due to limited time and resources, she does not visit the camp for Blacks, although she urges the Guild of Loyal Women to do so.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">30 January, Pushing panic-stricken groups of old men, women and children, crowded in wagons and preceded by huge flocks of livestock in front of them, French's drive enters the south-eastern ZAR (Transvaal).</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 January, Mrs Isie Smuts, wife of Gen. J.C. Smuts, is sent to Pietermaritzburg and placed under house arrest by the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="British Armed Forces">British military</a> authorities, despite her pleas to be sent to concentration camps like other Boer women.Concentration camps have been established at <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-30.7,26.7&spn=0.1,0.1&q=-30.7,26.7%20(Aliwal%20North)&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Aliwal North">Aliwal North</a>, Brandfort, Elandsfontein, Heidelberg, Howick, Kimberley, Klerksdorp, Viljoensdrift, Waterfall North and Winburg.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">25 February, A former member of the Free State Volksraad, H.S. Viljoen, and five other prisoners are set free from the Green Point Camp near <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-33.9252777778,18.4238888889&spn=0.1,0.1&q=-33.9252777778,18.4238888889%20(Cape%20Town)&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. They are sent to visit Free State concentration camps with the intention of influencing the women in the camps to persuade their husbands to lay down their arms. They are met with very little success.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">27 February, Discriminatory food rations – 1st class rations for the families of ‘hands-uppers' and 2nd class for the families of fighting burghers or those who refuse to work for the British – are discontinued in the ‘Transvaal' concentration camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">28 February, Concentration camps have been established at Kromellenboog, Middelburg, Norvalspont, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-30.2538888889,25.7038888889&spn=0.1,0.1&q=-30.2538888889,25.7038888889%20(Springfontein)&t=h" rel="geolocation" target="_blank" title="Springfontein">Springfontein</a>, Volksrust, and Vredefort Road.At the Middelburg conference between Supreme Commander Lord Kitchener and Commandant-General Louis Botha, Kitchener comments to Lord Roberts, now Commander-in Chief at the War Office in London: “They [referring to the Burghers S.K.] evidently do not like their women being brought in and I think it has made them more anxious for peace.” The conference is discussing terms of a possible peace treaty.<a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Milner%2C_1st_Viscount_Milner" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Sir Alfred Milner</a> leaves Cape Town for Johannesburg to take up his duties as administrator of the ‘new colonies'.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">1 March, Concentration camps in the ‘Orange River' and ‘Transvaal' Colonies are transferred to civil control under Sir Alfred Milner.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">4 March, Emily Hobhouse visits the Springfontein concentration camp.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">6 March, Discriminatory food rations are also discontinued in the ‘Orange River Colony' camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">8 March, Emily Hobhouse visits the Norvalspont concentration camp.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">12 March, Emily Hobhouse visits the Kimberley concentration camp.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">6 April, Emily Hobhouse returns to Kimberley</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">9 April, Emily Hobhouse visits the Mafeking concentration camp.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">12 April, Emily Hobhouse witnesses the clearing of Warrenton and the dispatch of people in open coal trucks.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">13 April, Emily Hobhouse returns to Kimberley, witnessing the arrival of the people removed from Warrenton at the Kimberley camp, where there are only 25 tents available for 240 people.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">20 April, The towns of Parys and Vredefort and many outlying farms have been cleared of inhabitants and supplies. The women and children have been removed to concentration camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">21 April, Emily Hobhouse arrives in Bloemfontein.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">23 April, Sir Alfred Milner refuses to issue a permit to Emily Hobhouse authorising her to travel north of Bloemfontein.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">4 May, Emily Hobhouse arrives in Cape Town.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">7 May, Emily Hobhouse leaves for Britain after an extended fact-finding tour of the concentration camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">14 June, Speaking at a dinner party of the National Reform Union in England, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, leader of the Liberal opposition, says the war in South Africa is carried on by methods of barbarism.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">17 June, David Lloyd-George in England condemns the concentration camps and the horrors inflicted on women and children in the camps in South Africa. He warns, “A barrier of dead children's bodies will rise between the British and Boer races in South Africa.”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">18 June, Emily Hobhouse's report on concentration camps appear under the title, “To the S.A. Distress Fund, Report of a visit to the camps of women and children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies”. Summarising the reasons for the high fatality rate, she writes, “Numbers crowded into small tents: some sick, some dying, occasionally a dead one among them; scanty rations dealt out raw; lack of fuel to cook them; lack of water for drinking, for cooking, for washing; lack of soap, brushes and other instruments of personal cleanliness; lack of bedding or of beds to keep the body off the bare earth; lack of clothing for warmth and in many cases for decency …” Her conclusion is that the whole system is cruel and should be abolished.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">26 June, Lord Kitchener, in a telegram to Milner: “I fear there is little doubt the war will now go on for considerable time unless stronger measures are taken … Under the circumstances I strongly urge sending away wives and families and settling them somewhere else. Some such unexpected measure on our part is in my opinion essential to bring war to a rapid end.”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">27 June, The British War Department promises to look into Emily Hobhouse's suggestions regarding improvements to the concentration camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">30 June, The official camp population is 85 410 for the White camps and the deaths reported for June are 777.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">15 July, Dr K. Franks, the camp doctor at the Mafeking concentration camp reports that the camp is “overwhelmed” by 1 270 women and children brought in after sweeps on the western ZAR (Transvaal). Lack of facilities ads to the hardships encountered by the new arrivals.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">16 July, The British Colonial Office announces the appointment of a Ladies Commission to investigate the concentration camps in South Africa. The commission, whose members are reputed to be impartial, is made up as follows:Chairlady Mrs Millicent G. Fawcett, who has recently criticised Emily Hobhouse in the Westminster Gazette; Dr Jane Waterson, daughter of a British general, who recently wrote against “the hysterical whining going on in England” while “we feed and pamper people who had not even the grace to say thank you for the care bestowed on them”; Lady Anne Knox, wife of Gen. Knox, who is presently serving in South Africa; Nursing sister Katherine Brereton, who has served in a Yoemanry Hospital in South Africa; Miss Lucy Deane, a government factory inspector on child welfare; Dr the Hon Ella Scarlett, a medical doctor. One of the doctors is to marry a concentration camp official before the end of their tour.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">20 July, Commenting on confiscation of property and banishment of families, St John Brodrick, British secretary of State for War, writes to Kitchener: “… Your other suggestion of sending the Boer women to St Helena, etc., and telling their husbands that they would never return, seems difficult to work out. We cannot permanently keep 16,000 men in ring fences and they are not a marketable commodity in other lands …”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">25 July, Since 25 June, Emily Hobhouse has addressed twenty-six public meetings on concentration camps, raising money to improve conditions.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">26 July, Emily Hobhouse again writes to Brodrick asking for reasons for the War Department's refusal to include her in the Ladies Commission. If she cannot go, “it was due to myself to convey to all interested that the failure to do so was due to the Government”.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">27 July, St John Rodrick replies to Emily Hobhouse's letter, “The only consideration in the selection of ladies to visit the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment" rel="wikipedia" target="_blank" title="Internment">Concentration Camps</a>, beyond their special capacity for such work, was that they should be, so far as is possible, removed from the suspicion of partiality to the system adopted or the reverse.”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 July, The officially recorded camp population is 93 940 for the White camps and the deaths for July stands at 1 412.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">16 August, General De la Rey protests to the British against the mistreatment of women and children.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">20 August, Col. E.C. Ingouville-Williams' column transports Gen. De la Rey's mother to the Klerksdorp concentration camp. A member of the Cape Mounted Rifles notes in his diary: “She is 84 years old. I gave her some milk, jam, soup, etc. as she cannot eat hard tack and they have nothing else. We do not treat them as we ought to.”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 August, The officially recorded camp population for White camps is 105 347 and the camp fatalities for August stand at 1 878.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">13 September, The Merebank Refugee Camp is established near Durban in an attempt to reduce the camp population in the Republics. Its most famous inmates are to be Mrs De Wet and her children.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">30 September, Cornelius Broeksma is executed by an English firing squad in Johannesburg after having been found guilty of breaking the oath of neutrality and inciting others to do the same. A fund is started in Holland for his family and for this purpose a postcard with a picture of himself and his family is sold, bearing the inscription: “Cornelius Broeksma, hero and martyr in pity's cause. Shot by the English on 30th September 1901, because he refused to be silent about the cruel suffering in the women's camps.”The officially recorded camp population of the White camps is 109 418 and the monthly deaths for September stand at 2 411.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">1 October, Emily Hobhouse again urges the Minister of War, “in the name of the little children whom I have watched suffer and die” to implement improvements in the concentration camps.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">26 October, As the commandoes in the Bethal district, Transvaal, become wise to Benson's night attacks, his success rate declines and he contents himself with ‘ordinary clearing work' – burning farms and herding women, children, old men and other non-combatants with their livestock and vehicles.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">27 October, Emily Hobhouse arrives in Table Bay on board the SS Avondale Castle, but is refused permission to go ashore by Col. H. Cooper, the Military Commandant of Cape Town.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">29 October, Reverend John Knox Little states in the United Kingdom: “Among the unexampled efforts of kindness and leniency made throughout this war for the benefit of the enemy, none have surpassed the formation of the Concentration Camps”.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 October, Despite letters of protest to Lord Alfred Milner, Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson and Lord Ripon, Emily Hobhouse, although unwell, is forced to undergo a medical examination. She is eventually wrapped in a shawl and physically carried off the Avondale Castle. She is taken aboard the Roslin Castle for deportation under martial law regulations.The officially recorded camp population of White camps is 113 506 and the deaths for October stand at 3 156.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">1 November, Miss Emily Hobhouse, under deportation orders on board the Roslin Castle writes to Lord Kitchener: “… I hope in future you will exercise greater width of judgement in the exercise of your high office. To carry out orders such as these is a degradation both to the office and the manhood of your soldiers. I feel ashamed to own you as a fellow-countryman.”And to Lord Milner: “Your brutal orders have been carried out and thus I hope you will be satisfied. Your narrow incompetency to see the real issues of this great struggle is leading you to such acts as this and many others, straining [staining S.K.] your own name and the reputation of England…”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">7 November, The Governor of Natal informs St John Brodrick that the wives of Pres. Steyn, General Paul Roux, Chief Commandant C.R. de Wet, Vice President Schalk Burger and Gen. J.B.M. Hertzog, the last four all presently in Natal, are to be sent to a port, other than a British port, outside South Africa.Lord Milner, referring to the concentration camps, writes to British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain: “I did not originate this plan, but as we have gone so far with it, I fear that a change now might only involve us in fresh and greater evils.”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">15 November, In his ‘General Review of the Situation in the Two New Colonies', Lord Milner reports to Chamberlain, “… even if the war were to come to an end tomorrow, it would not be possible to let the people in the concentration camps go back to their former homes. They would only starve there. The country is, for the most part, a desert…”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">16 November, On being questioned by St John Brodrick on his motivations for proposing the deportation of prominent Boer women, Kitchener cancels his orders.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">21 November, Referring to a ‘scorched earth' raid, Acting State President S.W. Burgers and State Secretary F.W. Reitz address a report to the Marquis of Salisbury, the British Prime Minister: “This removal took place in the most uncivilised and barbarous manner, while such action is … in conflict with all the up to the present acknowledged rules of civilised warfare. The families were put out of their houses under compulsion, and in many instances by means of force … (the houses) were destroyed and burnt with everything in them … and these families among them were many aged ones, pregnant women, and children of very tender years, were removed in open trolleys (exposed) for weeks to rain, severe cold wind and terrible heat, privations to which they were not accustomed, with the result that many of them became very ill, and some of them died shortly after their arrival in the women's camps.” The vehicles were also overloaded, accidents happened and they were exposed to being caught in crossfire. They were exposed to insults and ill-treatment by Blacks in service of the troops as well as by soldiers. “…British mounted troops have not hesitated in driving them for miles before their horses, old women, little children, and mothers with sucklings to their breasts …”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">30 November, The officially recorded camp population of the White camps is 117 974 and the deaths for November are 2 807.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">1 December, Fully aware of the state of devastation in the Republics, and trying to force the Boer leadership to capitulate, Lord Milner approves a letter that Kitchener sends to London, with identical copies to Burger, Steyn and De Wet. In the letter he informs them that as they have complained about the treatment of the women and children in the camps, he must assume that they themselves are in a provision to provide for them. He therefore offers all families in the camps who are willing to leave, to be sent to the commandos, as soon as he has been informed where they can be handed over.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">4 December, Lord Milner comments on the high death rate in the Free State concentration camps: “The theory that, all the weakly children being dead, the rate would fall off, it is not so far borne out by the facts. I take it the strong ones must be dying now and that they will all be dead by the spring of 1903! …”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">7 December, In a letter to Chamberlain, Lord Milner writes: “… The black spot – the one very black spot – in the picture is the frightful mortality in the Concentration Camps … It was not until 6 weeks or 2 months ago that it dawned on me personally … that the enormous mortality was not incidental to the first formation of the camps and the sudden inrush of people already starving, but was going to continue. The fact that it continues is no doubt a condemnation of the camp system. The whole thing, I now think, has been a mistake.”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">8 December, Commenting on the concentration camps, Lord Milner writes to Lord Haldane: “I am sorry to say I fear … that the whole thing has been a sad fiasco. We attempted an impossibility – and certainly I should never have touched the thing if, when the ‘concentration' first began, I could have foreseen that the soldiers meant to sweep the whole population of the country higgledy piggledy into a couple of dozen camps … “</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">10 December, President Steyn replies to the British Commander-in-Chief Lord Kitchener's letter about releasing the women and children, that, however glad the burghers would be to have their relatives near them, there is hardly is single house in the Orange Free State that is not burnt or destroyed and everything in it looted by the soldiers. The women and children will be exposed to the weather under the open sky. On account of the above-mentioned reasons they have to refuse to receive them. He asks Kitchener to make the reasons for their refusal known to the world.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">11 December, In his reply to Kitchener's letter about the release of women and children, Chief Commandant De Wet says: “I positively refuse to receive the families until such time as the war will be ended, and we shall be able to vindicate our right by presenting our claims for the unlawful removal of and the insults done to our families as well as indemnification on account of the uncivilised deed committed by England by the removal of the families …”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">12 December, The report of the Ladies Commission (Fawcett Commission) is completed on this day, but is only published during February 1902. The Commission is highly critical of the camps and their administration, but cannot recommend the immediate closure of the camps “… to turn 100 000 people new being fed in the concentration camps out on the veldt to take care of themselves would be a cruelty; it would be turning them out to starvation…” The Commission substantiated the most Emily Hobhouse's serious charges, bur reviled her for her compassion for enemy subjects.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">22 December, On Peace Sunday, Dr Charles Aked, a Baptist minister in Liverpool, England, protests: “Great Britain cannot win the battles without resorting to the last despicable cowardice of the most loathsome cur on earth – the act of striking a brave man's heart through his wife's honour and his child's life. The cowardly war has been conducted by methods of barbarism … the concentration camps have been Murder Camps.” He is followed home by a large crowd and they smash the windows of his house.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 December, The camp population in White camps is 89 407 with 2 380 deaths during December.</dd>
<dt id="1902" style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0108px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1902</dt>
<dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">22 January, In a daring exploit, General Beyers and about 300 men seize the concentration camp at Pietersburg and take the camp superintendent and his staff prisoner. After all-night festivities with wives, friends and family, the superintendent and his staff are released the next day on the departure of Beyers.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 January, The officially reported White camp population is 97 986 and the deaths for January are 1 805.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">4 March, The long-delayed report of the Ladies Commission (Fawcett Commission) on the concentration camps is discussed in the House of Commons. The Commission concludes that there are three causes for the high death rate: “1. The insanitary condition of the country caused by the war. 2. Causes within the control of the inmates. 3. Causes within the control of the administration.” The Opposition tables the following motion: “This House deplores the great mortality in the concentration camps formed in the execution of the policy of clearing the country.” In his reply Chamberlain states that it was the Boers who forced the policy on them and the camps are actually an effort to minimise the horrors of war. The Opposition motion is defeated by 230 votes to 119.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">24 March, Mr H.R. Fox, Secretary of the Aborigines Protection Society, after being made aware by Emily Hobhouse of the fact that the Ladies Commission (Fawcett Commission) ignored the plight of Blacks in concentration camps, writes to Joseph Chamberlain, Colonial Secretary. He requests that such inquiries should be instituted by the British government “as should secure for the natives who are detained no less care and humanity than are now prescribed for the Boer refugees”. On this request Sir Montagu Ommaney, the permanent under-secretary at the Colonial Office, is later to record that it seems undesirable “to trouble Lord Milner … merely to satisfy this busybody”.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">9 April, Emily Hobhouse's 42nd birthday.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">30 April, The officially reported population of the White camps is 112 733 and the death toll for April stands at 298.</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">15 May, Sixty Republican delegates take part in a three-day conference in Vereeniging, debating whether to continue fighting or end the war.Complicated negotiations continue between Boer delegates among themselves and British delegates, also with different opinions, up to the end of May.During the peace negotiations Acting President Schalk Burger of the ZAR (South African Republic/Transvaal) says: “… it is my holy duty to stop this struggle now that it has become hopeless … and not to allow the innocent, helpless women and children to remain any longer in their misery in the plaque-stricken concentration camps …”</dd><dd style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px 0px 1em 2em; padding: 0px;">31 May, The officially reported camp population of the White camps is 116 572 and the deaths for May are 196.The final peace conditions, comprised in The Treaty of Vereeniging, is signed by representatives of both the Burghers and the British at 23:05 at Melrose House, Pretoria.After this, inhabitants of the concentration camps were gradually released as burghers came to claim the members of their families still living, while other left on their own to return to their burnt-down houses and farms. 27 927 persons died in the camps, 1 676 men, mainly those too old to be on commando, 4 177 women and 22 074 children under sixteen.</dd></dl>
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Lizzie van Zyl, visited by Emily Hobhouse in the Bloemfontein concentration camp (Photo credit: Wikipedia ) The First Plague In ...

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